These are property fields and their values are company dependent. Users in different companies may see different values for these fields.

You can retrieve its value from ir_property table.

select * from ir_property where name='property_account_receivable_id' ;

I already had the module installed but I can not see that field. I suppose is the same, but I am searching it on the table called res_partner.

EDIT:

The fields obviously exists, because I can see them on the Odoo, but what I need to know is in which table from the database is stored that data

Hi,
Install the module named Invoicing (technical name: account). In this module the res.partner is inherited and the field is added to the model.

Thanks